Resources (list) — Nourish

systemic racism

Building healthier Northern and Indigenous communities through Nourish

In the face of the pandemic and a growing awareness of systemic anti-Indigenous racism in the health care system, Nourish worked with leaders from several communities to strengthen food security, celebrate Indigenous ways of knowing, and increase understanding of Indigenous realities. The following is an excerpt from our final report to the Frontline Fund, whose support made this work possible.


With the onset of the pandemic, food insecurity was exacerbated and Indigenous communities, especially those that are rural and remote, experienced increased pressure on their food systems as a result of disruptions in food supply chains, reduced ability to travel and harvest, and fewer occasions to celebrate and share food together.

In response, Nourish took a multi-phase approach by supporting community initiatives, facilitating knowledge exchanges, addressing systemic anti-Indigenous racism in health care, launching a national learning series, and creating opportunities for health care and community leaders to learn on the land from local Indigenous leaders.

PHASE 1 - Food Rx grants & knowledge exchanges

Nourish awarded five $50k Food Rx grants to mobilize community-led, innovative, capacity-building projects that supported both food security and Indigenous foodways. Food Rx initiatives built and promoted Indigenous leadership and centered Indigenous foodways and values, supporting the transformation of health services to better reflect Indigenous understandings of food sovereignty and wellbeing.

Nourish hosted two virtual Food Rx grantee knowledge exchanges to facilitate networking, sharing, and peer learning between grantees, the Nourish team, and the Indigenous and Allies Advisory. Participants appreciated this space to share their insights, innovations, successes, challenges and questions.

 

PHASE 2 - Short film

Nourish produced a short film exploring food security, experiences of anti-Indigenous systemic racism in health care, and the power of traditional Indigenous foodways. Called "Why does hospital food matter for reconciliation?" it resonated with many across the country, and has been viewed 3347 times in English (as of June 17, 2021), with a version available with French subtitles as well.

 

PHASE 3 - National Action Learning series

In April 2021, Nourish launched a national education Action Learning series called Food is Our Medicine (FIOM). The Action Learning series highlights and amplifies Indigenous voices and perspectives to contextualize Indigenous foodways work through multimedia resources, and contributions of Indigenous leaders in medicine and systems change.

Additionally, FIOM features the work of several Indigenous artists in its visual identity and beadwork (the first 200 learners to complete the learning journey will be gifted a handcrafted beaded pin). FIOM provides health care leaders with knowledge and tools to decolonize food in health care and use it as an organizational pathway to deepen conversations about systemic racism and reconciliation.

Land-based learning grants

With the end of the pandemic in view, seven teams in the Nourish Anchor Cohort will have access to grants up to $7k to participate and host on-the-land learning and relationship-building with Indigenous partners and knowledge keepers in their area. This program will start off in a good way with a Cultural Mindfulness session on June 28, hosted by George Couchie from Nipissing First Nation, with the goal of sowing the seeds or building upon existing relationships between health care, community organizations, and Indigenous communities.

Along with supporting Nourish programming, the Food Rx grants are addressing the unique challenges found at the complex intersection of three factors within health care: the COVID-19 pandemic, systemic anti-Indigenous racism, and food (in)security.

The entire process of this work was guided by the Nourish Indigenous and Allies Advisory, with participation from a wider circle of Indigenous leaders.

 

Creating Cultural Safety: Looking at Ottawa

Source: Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health

Year: 2014

According to Statistics Canada, there were 19,200 Aboriginal Peoples living in Ottawa in 2011. This number has likely grown a great deal since. Aboriginal Peoples make up 2% of Ontario’s population. Despite the fact that the Canadian health care system is believed to be one of the best in the world, quality health care is not available for many Aboriginal people in Canada. Cultural barriers, fear and mistrust have hindered Aboriginal people from accessing appropriate and quality care which leads to poor health status. According to Anishnawbe Health Toronto, the Aboriginal population in Ontario “has generally noted that they have experienced culturally insensitive healthcare and have noted that at times they [are] also [met] with subtle and overt racism.”

 

Health Transformation Summit: Getting the Relationships Right: Health Governance in the Era of Reconciliation

Source: Assembly of First Nations

Year: 2018

The First Nations Health Transformation Summit took place February 13-14, 2018, in Toronto, Ontario on the Traditional Territories of the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. The Summit was an opportunity for First Nations, the federal government, and provinces/territories to come together to develop shared priorities and determine next steps towards closing jurisdictional gaps in First Nations health. The First Nations Health Transformation Summit, Getting the Relationships Right: Health Governance in the Era of Reconciliation, is part of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) efforts to facilitate relationship building, and highlight innovative First Nations built health programs, services and systems from across the country that have found success in overcoming jurisdictional gaps. With 429 in attendance, the Summit included First Nation delegates, AFN’s Chiefs Committee on Health members and health technicians, corporate and government officials, Elders, and other guests. The Summit was opened by Elder Valerie King and the Manitou Mkwa Singers and Drum Group.

 

Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

Source: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

Year: 2015

Canada’s residential school system for Aboriginal children was an education system in name only for much of its existence. These residential schools were created for the purpose of separating Aboriginal children from their families, in order to minimize and weaken family ties and cultural linkages, and to indoctrinate children into a new culture—the culture of the legally dominant Euro-Christian Canadian society, led by Canada’s first prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald. The schools were in existence for well over 100 years, and many successive generations of children from the same communities and families endured the experience of them. That experience was hidden for most of Canada’s history, until survivors of the system were finally able to find the strength, courage, and support to bring their experiences to light in several thousand court cases that ultimately led to the largest class-action lawsuit in Canada’s history.

 

Culture and language as a social determinants of First Nation, Métis, and Inuit health

Source: National Collaborating Center for Indigenous Health

Year: 2016

Culture is a dynamic and adaptive system of meaning that is learned, shared, and transmitted from one generation to the next and is reflected in the values, norms, practices, symbols, ways of life, and other social interactions of a given culture (Krueter & McClure, 2004). It is the foundation of both individual and collective identity, and its erosion can adversely affect mental health and well-being, leading to depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and even suicide (Kirmayer, Brass, & Tait, 2000). Language is “a conveyor of culture” (Ibid., p. 613) and the means by which knowledge, skills, and cultural values are expressed and maintained.

 

Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: The role of Indigenous knowledge in supporting wellness in Inuit communities in Nunavut

Source: Shirley Tagalik; National Collaborating Center for Indigenous Health

Year: 2010

Indigenous worldviews are generally holistic in perspective and encompass interconnections amongst all aspects of life and place (Barnhardt & Kawagley, 2005). From this interconnected view of the universe, a sense of cultural identity, collective purpose and belonging is derived. Cultural wellbeing relies on the individual becoming situated within a cultural worldview. For Inuit, being grounded in Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit supports personal wellness, but also contributes to a collective cultural sense of health and wellness which has sustained Inuit over generations. Inuit Elders in Nunavut are documenting Inuit worldview so that the strengths which have always sustained them will still be available to future generations.

 

Social Determinants of Health: Understanding Racism

Source: Charlotte Reading; National Collaborating Center for Indigenous Health

Year: 2013

This fact sheet is the first of three that will focus on anti-Indigenous racism in Canada, beginning with an exploration of the concept of race, its history and contexts, and continuing with a discussion of the various forms of racism within societies. In order to address racism in Canadian society, we must first understand what racism is, how it became a way to identify people, and the forms it takes.

Ignored to Death: Systemic Racism in the Canadian Healthcare System

Source: Brenda Gunn

Year: n.d.

Widespread health disparities continue for Indigenous peoples in Canada. Indigenous peoples experience lower health outcomes than non-Indigenous peoples in Canada, which is exacerbated by the lack of access to quality health care and lower socio-economic situation (as confirmed by the social determinates of health). Indigenous peoples also lack access to adequate health services, especially in remote communities. In 2015, the Auditor General in Canada concluded that “Health Canada did not have reasonable assurance that eligible First Nations individuals living in remote communities in Manitoba and Ontario had access to clinical and client care services and medical transportation benefits as defined for the purpose of this performance audit.” There is a failure to implement existing policies and strategies.

 

In Plain Sight: Summary Report

Source: Addressing Racism Review

Year: 2020

In June 2020, claims surfaced about a “Price is Right” game allegedly being played in some B.C. hospital Emergency Departments, in which health care workers were guessing blood alcohol levels of Indigenous patients. The Minister of Health commissioned an independent Review to investigate the “Price is Right” allegations and whether this game or other forms of Indigenous-specific racism are being experienced by Indigenous people using the provincial health care system, make findings of fact, and “to make any recommendations it considers necessary and advisable.”

 

In Plain Sight: Full Report

Source: Addressing Racism Review; Government of British Columbia

Year: 2020

In June 2020, claims surfaced about a “Price is Right” game allegedly being played in some B.C. hospital Emergency Departments, in which health care workers were guessing blood alcohol levels of Indigenous patients. The Minister of Health commissioned an independent Review to investigate the “Price is Right” allegations and whether this game or other forms of Indigenous-specific racism are being experienced by Indigenous people using the provincial health care system, make findings of fact, and “to make any recommendations it considers necessary and advisable.”

 

Health and Health Care Implications of Systemic Racism on Indigenous Peoples in Canada

Source: Indigenous Health Working Group of the College of Family Physicians of Canada and Indigenous Physicians Association of Canada

Year: 2016

Family physicians know that supporting a patient’s health requires trust, compassion, and mutual respect. For Indigenous patients and their families, this is not always achieved. Systemic racism has been identified as a major barrier to positive relationships between physicians and Indigenous patients and the best care of Indigenous peoples. This brief guide for physicians helps you understand better the role that systemic racism can play in shaping an Indigenous patient’s clinical experience, and what you can do about it. As Indigenous patients, Indigenous physicians, and allies, we are appealing to you to help us address this pervasive and harmful problem.

 

The Failure of Federal Indigenous Healthcare Policy in Canada

Source: Yellowhead Institute
Year: 2021

The federal government held two days of meetings in 2021 on developing Indigenous health care legislation. These virtual meetings included some, but not all provincial and territorial health ministers, along with First Nations, Inuit and Métis Nation representatives, including Indigenous doctors, and was partly in response to the racist treatment and death of Joyce Echaquan of the Atikamekw Nation in a Quebec hospital in September of last year. If and when this legislation materializes, it will be a first in Canadian history. This country has never developed a law around Indigenous health care.

"Hunger was never absent": How residential school diets shaped current patterns of diabetes among Indigenous peoples in Canada

Source: Mosby, I. & Galloway, T. CMAJ 2017 August 14;189:E1043-5. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.170448
Year: 2017

One of the most consistent themes in testimony provided to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was the common experience of hunger at residential schools. In his statement to the TRC, survivor Andrew Paul spoke of the unrelenting hunger he experienced during his time at Aklavik Roman Catholic Residential School: “We cried to have something good to eat before we sleep. A lot of the times the food we had was rancid, full of maggots, stink. Sometimes we would sneak away from school to go visit our aunts or uncles, just to have a piece of bannock."

First Peoples, Second Class Treatment: The role of racism in the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in Canada

Source: Wellesley Institute
Year: 2017

First Peoples, Second Class Treatment explores the role of racism in the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in Canada. We begin with an overview of the historical and contemporary contexts of racism, and the ways in which racism is fundamentally responsible for the alarming disparities in health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. We examine Indigenous responses to racism including individual, family and community level strategies and resiliencies; health service-level responses (including Indigenous and non-Indigenous led services); efforts directed at the training of health professionals; and provincial, territorial and national-level policies and recommendations.